Cardiac sympathetic nerve terminal function in congestive heart failure

IntroductionIt has been long recognized that cardiac norepinephrine (NE) is depleted in patients with congestive heart failure (1, 2).  Early studies have shown that NE depletion is associated with increased release of cardiac NE secondary to heightened sympathetic nervous activity and decreased synthesis of NE in patients with congestive heart failure (2-5).   It was thought initially that the heightened sympathetic activity was an important adaptive mechanism to support the failing myocardium, and that the subsequent depletion of cardiac NE stores contributed to the progressive deterioration of cardiac function, and the decreased myocardial contractility seen in chronic heart failure.  However, it was later discover

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