The Management of Heart Failure after Biventricular Pacing

Approximately 271,000 heart failure (HF) patients in the U.S. have received cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) since the Food and Drug Administration approved this therapy in 2001 for moderate to severe HF (1). Indications for CRT are based on the American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and Heart Rhythm Society guidelines, which recommend CRT for New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV HF patients who are refractory to pharmacologic therapy and have QRS durations >=130 ms, ejection fractions <=35%, and left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimensions <=55 mm (level of evidence IIA) (2). These guidelines reflect the results of several large clinical trials that randomized over 2,500 HF

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